The Observatory · Cross-case Timeline
Follow six recurring transitions across the collection. Every event retains the time precision of its source record, so a dated appointment, a multi-year shift, and an inferred sequence do not masquerade as the same kind of evidence.
Choose a structural transition
Employment → independence
Pritchard joined Procter & Gamble as a cost analyst, moved into marketing in 1987, and accumulated product, finance, and brand-management experience inside the company rather than building an independently owned marketing practice.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Ive's Apple career developed within a large industrial-design organization. In 2012 Apple added leadership of Human Interface to his Industrial Design responsibilities as part of a broader executive reorganization.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
The Senate confirmed Fisher as EPA deputy administrator, the agency's top managerial and policy assistant to the administrator. She briefly served as acting administrator during the 2003 transition before leaving government.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Gawdat built a technology-business career that included IBM, NCR, and approximately seven years at Microsoft before joining Google.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
He worked at Google and became chief business officer of X, Google's moonshot organization; the public record supports a business leadership role, not sole authorship of X's technologies or research.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Independent profiles from 2008 and 2021 documented a parallel public practice in poetry, languages, mathematics, and science communication. That practice made Godrej’s personal voice portable beyond the companies, but the record does not establish it as a separately owned institution with staff, distribution, or succession.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Shah and Sandeep Tandon, head of the Tandon Group, founded FreeCharge in 2010, a mobile recharge platform that gave users coupons. By April 2015 Forbes India reported that it had raised more than $120 million over four years from investors including Sequoia Capital. A Sequoia Capital partner who sat on FreeCharge’s board wrote in April 2015 that Shah stepped aside for an outside chief executive in late 2013, while Forbes India described Shah as co-founder and CEO at the time of the sale. The sources do not reconcile those titles.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Samir Chaudry and Julien Berndt co-founded The Lacrosse Network, and Colin Rosenblum, who had independently made lacrosse video, became its creative director. Their partnership combined community knowledge, production, hosting, and business development around an underserved sport.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Conte and his former Stanford roommate Sam Yam co-founded Patreon. Conte supplied the creator-payment problem and launch story; Yam supplied material technical and co-founder capacity. The platform let fans make recurring or per-creation payments to creators.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Keywell founded and led Uptake, an industrial-AI company that VentureBeat reported in November 2017 had raised $117 million and had reached a $2 billion valuation earlier that year. Uptake later reduced staff, including 51 jobs in January 2018. In December 2018 GE sued Uptake and six former GE employees in federal court in Illinois (Keywell was not a defendant), alleging trade-secret misappropriation and breach of non-solicitation obligations. The claims were allegations; the court let most proceed at the pleading stage, and the case ended by stipulated dismissal in August 2019 as Uptake and GE settled their lawsuits on undisclosed terms. In October 2021 Keywell became executive chairman when Kayne Grau became CEO.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
The Whistle (Whistle Sports) acquired The Lacrosse Network in June 2014, with Chaudry staying on as president and Rosenblum as creative director. The two worked inside the acquiring company before leaving in 2016. The sale showed that the team could build a transferable channel asset, but also separated them from the first institution they helped create.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
After the death of his son Ali, Gawdat developed his personal happiness framework, published Solve for Happy, and began the One Billion Happy mission.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Contemporaneous reporting described Apple creating the Chief Design Officer title for Ive. The record supports Apple-specific firstness, not worldwide firstness or proof that Ive personally authored or negotiated the role.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Snapdeal announced that it was buying FreeCharge. Neither company disclosed a price. Press estimates ran from $400 million to $450 million, and Snapdeal’s chief executive described the deal as a combination of stock and cash with a majority of stock. Shah, quoted as co-founder and CEO of FreeCharge, said the deal was driven by the two companies and was not led by investors.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Alexandr Wang and Lucy Guo co-founded Scale AI. The company began by coordinating human labor through an API to label and structure data for machine-learning systems.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
After leaving Whistle, Rosenblum and Chaudry experimented with independent videos and branded work without a stable editorial focus. They later described this period as financially and strategically precarious.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Gilbert served as the City of Miami's first chief resilience officer, helping develop city and regional resilience strategy, before leaving city government to establish Resilience Consulting.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
FreeCharge named Govind Rajan chief executive and Shah became chairman, according to MediaNama. Inc42 said Rajan replaced Shah as CEO. MediaNama also reported in February 2017 that Shah had joined Sequoia Capital as an advisor.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Inside Walmart, Lore led an expanded e-commerce mandate while Walmart integrated online and store operations. Walmart closed Jet.com in 2020; Lore left executive employment in January 2021 and remained temporarily as a strategic adviser.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
July 2017: Ive took up the chancellorship of the Royal College of Art (announced May 25, 2017 for a five-year term); the British Museum's June 2025 release still described him as Chancellor. June 2025: the British Museum announced Ive's appointment as a trustee. Both are institution-specific duties within separate governing systems, not one personally owned portfolio.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Axis Bank told the stock exchanges that it had agreed to buy all of FreeCharge from Snapdeal’s owner for ₹385 crore in cash. Business Today set that figure beside the estimated ₹2,500 crore (about $400 million) of the 2015 deal. Shah wrote on Facebook that in 2015 FreeCharge could have continued alone with $95 million in the bank, that it chose to merge, and that it “didn’t work out as planned.” No source reviewed says what Shah received from either sale.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Hoffman joined Microsoft’s board after the LinkedIn acquisition, while continuing as a Greylock partner, author, podcaster, investor, a donor to federal political committees (FEC filings), and early OpenAI supporter. In March 2023 Hoffman announced on LinkedIn that he was leaving OpenAI’s board, citing potential conflicts as Greylock backed companies building on OpenAI and Inflection AI developed its own models.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Guo left Scale after serving as a co-founder with product-design and operations responsibilities, preserving an important distributed-credit boundary in the company's origin.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Glenister served as Director General of the British Promotional Merchandise Association for eleven to twelve years, depending on the source, before leaving association employment.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
After leaving BPMA, Glenister moved into independent membership consulting and describes proposing an influencer-marketing trade-body function with BCMA co-founder Andrew Canter.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
The family expanded the portfolio through KAYALI and skincare brand Wishful. Kattan stepped down as CEO in 2020 in favor of Nathalie Kristo; Kristo left in 2021, after which Kattan and her husband Christopher Goncalo shared executive leadership. The sources reviewed do not say why Kristo left.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Shah started CRED, a credit card bill payment and rewards platform that later expanded into lending, insurance, wealth and payments. Mint dates the launch to April 2018. In his 2026 post, as Business Today summarized it, Shah said he spent the years after FreeCharge learning and investing and then started CRED with $1 million of his own money. Reuters also said he launched it with his own capital. Peak XV’s managing director said in CRED’s 2026 release that the firm led the seed round in 2018.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Murph developed a portable writing and editorial practice through technology journalism, authorship, and distributed-team experience. Those credentials preceded GitLab but did not constitute ownership of its remote operating system.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
GitLab hired Murph into a newly formalized Head of Remote role. He joined an already all-remote company whose founders, employees, open handbook, tools, and accumulated practices supplied the institutional base he was asked to articulate and scale.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Apple announced that Ive would leave employment later in 2019 to form an independent design company, later reported as LoveFrom, that would count Apple among its primary clients. Apple simultaneously named Evans Hankey, Alan Dye, Jeff Williams, and its multidisciplinary design team, preserving the institutional labor and succession boundary.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Ascential announced in March 2019 that Cook had worked in the branded communications industry and Cannes Lions for over a decade (The Drum, reporting the same announcement, said he had been with Cannes Lions for nearly four years), that he was the architect behind The Tracks (the framework that helps the creative community navigate the awards and learning experiences), and that he had overseen the creation and introduction of more than half of the Lions awards. These are the owner’s own statements in its announcement, and this record has no independent confirmation of them.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
During the pandemic, Murph became a visible interpreter of GitLab's methods through guides, interviews, talks, and an emergency resource center. External distribution grew while the handbook remained openly and collectively maintained by GitLab contributors.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
LoveFrom entered client relationships including Airbnb, Ferrari, and Exor. Ive worked alongside Marc Newson and client organizations whose engineers, executives, assets, and product rights remained separate. The New York Times reported on July 12, 2022, citing people with knowledge of the agreement, that Apple and LoveFrom had decided not to extend their multiyear consulting agreement. Apple and LoveFrom did not publicly describe the terms.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
He distributed his work directly through Slo Mo, an interview podcast that accumulated more than 300 episodes, while publishing additional books on AI, thought, and stress.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Oxman left MIT and translated the research identity into an independent, privately organized practice. Exhibitions and a later MIT Press monograph preserved the authored ‘Material Ecology’ frame while also documenting work produced by the Mediated Matter group.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Scale expanded from commercial data labeling into model evaluation, enterprise systems, and U.S. government and defense work, while raising venture capital and becoming a major private AI infrastructure company.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
As GitLab became public and grew across more than 60 countries, Murph described a cross-functional organizational-design remit. Public accounts document collaboration, not unilateral authority over culture, systems, or employment policy.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Mint, using Tracxn data, reported that Shah was India’s most active angel investor by deal count in 2021, with 108 deals, and again in 2022, with 54. TechCrunch later said he had backed more than 250 companies. These counts come from data platforms and have not been audited.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Murph left GitLab and was identified as Andela's Vice President of Workplace Design and Remote Experience, carrying methods and credibility without GitLab's workforce, brand, handbook governance, or platform.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Li expanded her public-policy and health-AI work while taking partial academic leave and co-founding World Labs with three colleagues to develop spatial-intelligence systems. The company announced $230 million in financing from major venture and corporate investors.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Ive and OpenAI developed a hardware collaboration that became io Products with a multidisciplinary team. OpenAI announced an approximately $6.5 billion all-equity transaction, while independent reporting and the institutional statement did not establish Ive's complete ownership, personal proceeds, or sole invention.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
He founded Tēklos Studio and used embedded brand residencies for work with The Row, Sol de Janeiro, and Gap Inc.'s beauty initiative, moving from company employment into an independent, client-linked operating model.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Flight Story appointed Gawdat chief AI officer to advise the agency and its clients on AI adoption and regulation.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Former contractors filed wage-and-misclassification litigation, another suit alleged psychological injury from reviewing harmful content, and the U.S. Department of Labor opened an investigation into Scale's compliance with the Fair Labor Standards Act (reported in March 2025). The Department closed that investigation in May 2025 without announcing a finding, and private suits continued. Scale disputed allegations of underpayment and mistreatment.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
X continued launching and graduating projects; Taara became an independent company in 2025 while Alphabet retained a minority stake. X remains a Google division, and project, staffing, capital-allocation, and shutdown decisions remain institutionally governed.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Murph developed an independent advisory, speaking, and facilitation practice around organizational design, asynchronous work, knowledge systems, and AI transformation. His site presents an 'Org Brain' framework, while private client outcomes, ownership, audience rights, and operating capacity remain undisclosed. A July 2026 interview byline on Allwork.Space also lists him as Head of Culture at Lovie and founder of Page 52 Consulting; this record has no second source for the Lovie role and does not establish the terms of either.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Chamberlain and former chief operating officer Gustav Hossy became co-CEOs after Gallant’s departure. The change brought the founder into formal operating leadership but also preserved shared executive authority and inherited a team, investors, retail relationships, and systems built under prior management.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
The coffee company expanded through national retail and opened its first café. A 2024 investor deck obtained by Business Insider (March 2025) reported supplier problems attributed to a former co-packer, a search for $5 million to $10 million in new funding, and large beverage companies as possible acquirers. A person familiar with the company said it had shifted toward profitability. Projections in those materials were plans, not audited results.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Alix Earle’s Hot Mess left Unwell and later became the subject of a public dispute between Earle and Cooper, testing whether a founder-led network could retain and govern major talent apart from the founder’s own show.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Meta invested approximately $14.3 billion for a 49% non-voting stake in Scale at a reported $29 billion valuation. Wang left the CEO role to join Meta, remained on Scale's board, and Jason Droege became interim CEO.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
The Meta transaction immediately complicated Scale's claimed independence: Reuters reported, citing sources, that Google planned to reduce or end work with Scale and that other AI-lab customers were reassessing a supplier partly owned by a competitor.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Meta organized Meta Superintelligence Labs under Wang as chief AI officer, combining recruited talent and existing AI work; the division released its first model in April 2026 after substantial company investment.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Independent reporting described Contrarian Thinking as an approximately 90-person company with millions of followers, thousands of program and event customers, and a recurring Main Street Over Wall Street conference. Those scale figures were attributed to Sanchez and the company rather than audited disclosures.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Huda Beauty agreed to separate KAYALI into an independently operated company owned by Mona Kattan and General Atlantic, using the transaction to support repurchase of TSG’s minority stake. Huda Kattan then announced full founder ownership of Huda Beauty; transaction values, financing terms, entity-level ownership, and governance rights were not publicly disclosed.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Huda Beauty continued as an independently owned, founder-led cosmetics company with direct commerce and major wholesale distribution. Founder ownership increased, but retail access, manufacturing, regulation, employees, family executives, platform reach, and Kattan’s personal reputation remained important dependencies.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Public sources do not give Gilbert’s last day in county service. WLRN reported in February that she planned to retire that summer, and Governing later wrote that she left Miami-Dade late in 2025 to become chief heat ambassador.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
June 2025: A federal court in the Northern District of California issued a temporary restraining order barring OpenAI, Jony Ive, and Ive's hardware venture IO Products from using the 'io' name for hardware, after the startup IYO, Inc. sued for trademark infringement (the suit also named OpenAI's Sam Altman). The order was entered on June 20, 2025. On December 3, 2025, the Ninth Circuit affirmed it, holding that the district court did not err in finding a likelihood of confusion at that stage and did not clearly err in finding irreparable harm. OpenAI separately announced that the io Products team had merged into OpenAI; Ive and LoveFrom remained independent and assumed design and creative responsibilities across OpenAI.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Entrackr, citing Registrar of Companies filings, reported that CRED had received ₹617 crore (about $72 million) led by GIC’s Lathe Investment, including ₹162 crore from QED Innovation Labs, which it described as Shah’s family office. Entrackr estimated the post-money valuation at $3.64 billion. The Economic Times put it at about $3.5 billion, a 45 percent cut from the $6.4 billion of 2022.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Gawdat co-founded Emma, an AI relationship and matchmaking product, moving from commentary about AI and human flourishing into a product whose emotional, clinical, privacy, and commercial claims require separate scrutiny.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Beast Industries continued adding executives, employees, products, licensing relationships, and prospective business lines. Independent profiles framed the company as an attempt to build a diversified media and consumer institution. On April 22, 2026, a former employee, Lorrayne Mavromatis, sued MrBeastYouTube, LLC and GameChanger 24/7, LLC in the Eastern District of North Carolina (Mavromatis v. MrBeastYouTube, LLC, No. 4:26-cv-00059), asserting FMLA interference and retaliation, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and wrongful discharge, and alleging sexual harassment and a hostile work environment. Donaldson is not a named defendant. A company spokesperson called the complaint “clout-chasing” and said it rests on false statements. The allegations have not been adjudicated. In May 2025 Mexican officials, including the national archaeology institute (INAH), said filming permits for archaeological sites did not authorize commercial use, as the BBC and Newsweek reported. MrBeast’s spokesperson said no advertising material was shot on sites overseen by INAH and called the dispute “unfortunate.” These disputes kept governance, labor controls, brand risk, and founder dependence open.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Godrej stepped down as chairperson and managing director of Godrej Industries at the close of business on August 13, 2026. The company’s April 2026 release described the move as retirement upon turning 75 in August 2026 and said he would become chairman emeritus from August 14, 2026. Pirojsha Godrej succeeded him as chairperson of Godrej Industries Limited and the Godrej Industries Group from August 14, 2026. The handoff is a documented succession event. It is too recent to show post-transition performance or independence from family control.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Bloomberg (April 2026) and Vanity Fair (June 2026) reported allegations from current and former staff about workplace conduct at Unwell, including complaints about the behavior of Matt Kaplan, who runs the company with Cooper. A representative for Cooper and Kaplan called the claims false. In a Wall Street Journal interview at Cannes in June 2026, reported by TheWrap on June 25, Cooper said she was proud of what Unwell has built and told people not to believe everything they read online. She said being a woman in the industry is ‘extremely difficult’ and referred to ‘a smear campaign being created for someone’s narrative.’ The allegations are contested and have not been adjudicated.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Scale, Smart Ecosystem, and HireArt agreed to a $12.5 million class settlement of McKinney v. Scale AI (San Francisco Superior Court, No. CGC-24-620481), a California worker-misclassification suit. The defendants deny violating any laws and settled without admitting wrongdoing. A hearing on final approval was set for October 30, 2026.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Storyboard18, summarizing a New York Times report, said Meta was moving some engineering, data-pipeline, and model-oversight responsibilities into a new applied-AI engineering organization led by Maher Saba, which the report described as reducing Wang’s oversight. Meta’s own position is not stated in the source reviewed.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Scale announced that Francis deSouza would become CEO effective August 10, 2026. The announcement lists Wang as Scale’s founder and chairman of the board.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
The public remit included shaping new-media strategy, co-hosting Lightwork, and supporting Lightspeed Launch, while Zau said her personal channels would remain independent.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
The Climate Resilience Center described Gilbert as its Chief Heat Ambassador and former Miami-Dade chief heat officer. Her expertise moved into a wider network while county policies, staff, records, appropriations, and implementation duties remained institutional.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
On April 23, 2026, about ten months after the restraining order, the district court granted IYO a preliminary injunction after finding it was likely to succeed on the merits of its trademark claim; the order barred the defendants from using 'io,' or any confusingly similar mark, in commerce while the case proceeded. IYO separately amended its complaint to add trade-secret claims. On July 27, 2026, the parties told the court they had settled in principle on undisclosed terms. The docket shows an order on a stipulation on September 25, 2026. There was no trial and no final ruling on liability.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
In 2026 Ferrari presented the Luce, a new electric car (interior and name on February 9, exterior on May 25), and said it had entrusted the design to LoveFrom, which worked with Ferrari's own Styling Centre during development. This is evidence that LoveFrom's design work continues outside Apple. LoveFrom's complete ownership, staffing, contracts, intellectual-property allocations, economics, and ability to continue without Ive are still not disclosed.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Independent reporting described the new office’s practical test: coordinating energy policy amid rising consumer costs, data-center demand, grid constraints, and clean-energy goals.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
CRED said its consolidated operating revenue for fiscal 2025 was ₹2,735 crore, up 16 percent, with an operating loss of ₹298 crore and a total loss of ₹1,457 crore after items such as employee stock options and depreciation. These are company-reported figures. Mint later cited Tofler data for the same year showing revenue of ₹2,535.7 crore and a net loss of ₹1,692.1 crore. The sources do not explain the difference.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
CRED said the Reserve Bank of India had given Dreamplug Paytech Solutions Private Limited final authorization to operate as a payment aggregator. The Week reported that the RBI’s list of authorized operators showed the authorization dated March 10, 2026.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
CRED announced that it would raise ₹8,550 crore (about $900 million) in a Series H round led by Meta, through a mix of primary and secondary share purchases, at a post-money valuation of about $4.5 billion. CRED said Meta would join as a minority investor without access to customer information, and the same day described the arrangement as an investment agreement with a passive minority investor and no data-sharing agreement. Bloomberg reported that the investment gives Meta roughly 20 percent. Law firms for Meta and for CRED and Shah later announced their roles, and the Trilegal submission said Shah’s move to Meta was part of the transaction. Reports of the primary and secondary split conflict, from about $450 million each to about $500 million and $400 million, and both rest on unnamed sources.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
CRED said Shah would step away from his role as CEO while keeping his personal shareholding, and that Miten Sampat, who has led strategy and finance since 2020, would be interim CEO with immediate effect. The board and leaders were forming a leadership structure for an eventual public offering. In a post on X, quoted by Business Today and Inc42, Shah wrote that Meta would be a minority investor with no access to member data and that CRED had recorded its first profitable quarter.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Mark Zuckerberg wrote on Facebook that Shah would join Meta as WhatsApp’s next leader, succeeding Will Cathcart, who moved to a new role building products. Outlets use different titles, including head, leader and global chief executive, and no Meta page reviewed gives the formal title or a start date. Reuters, in a story republished by Deccan Herald, quoted an internal memo from Meta chief product officer Chris Cox and said Shah declined to comment. Outlook Business, relaying a Bloomberg interview with Cox, said the recruitment took about three months.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Business Today, citing Tracxn, reported that Shah owns around 11.5 percent of CRED and QED Innovation Labs 11.7 percent, with Peak XV at 9.9 percent and the employee option pool at 11.3 percent. The article does not say whether the figures predate the Meta round. The Wire published an opinion piece by the founder of the Global Trade Research Institute arguing that regulators should ask CRED and Meta what “no access to customer data” means and whether Meta will receive board representation.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
A Reuters analysis, republished by Deccan Herald, tied the appointment to Meta’s interest in payments and commerce in markets such as India, Brazil and Indonesia, citing industry executives. It noted that WhatsApp trails PhonePe and Google Pay in Indian payments.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Mint reported, after reviewing documents that Dreamplug Technologies Private Limited filed with the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, that on June 22 Shah resigned from the board and converted his 11.14 percent promoter holding into public shares, and that he still held about 20 percent personally and through QED Innovation Labs LLP. Mint said it was unclear whether Meta required the step. Shah and CRED did not answer questions Mint sent on July 13. ET BrandEquity reported that CRED confirmed Shah is no longer on the board, and Outlook Business published the same details.
Examine the complete case record →Employment → independence
Meta signed its quarterly report for the period ended June 30, 2026. A search of the full text found no mention of CRED, Dreamplug Technologies or Shah. The report describes non-marketable equity investments without naming the companies, so the silence says nothing about the size or terms of the CRED investment.
Examine the complete case record →Read sequences, not a single ladder
The categories organize observation; they do not claim that every career moves from left to right. A founder can re-enter employment. Direct distribution can remain platform-dependent. A named mandate can disappear before it becomes institutional capacity.